Is Scoliosis Hereditary?

You may have heard that scoliosis runs in families—but is there really a genetic link, or is that just a myth? Knowing what causes scoliosis could be the key to early detection and better outcomes. The answer lies deeper than you might think, and uncovering the truth may change how you look at this common spinal condition.

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What Causes Scoliosis? Genetics or Other Factors?

Scoliosis, defined by an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine, does not stem from a single cause. Its origins are complex and multifaceted, involving both genetic and non-genetic influences. While a family history of scoliosis suggests a strong genetic component, it’s not the sole factor in its development.

In many cases, individuals may have a genetic predisposition that makes them more susceptible to scoliosis. Nevertheless, other contributing elements—such as neuromuscular conditions, differences in spine or muscle development, or even unknown environmental factors—can also play a role.

1. Scoliosis Can Be Hereditary

Research has shown that scoliosis, particularly idiopathic scoliosis—where no clear cause is identified—often has a hereditary component. Individuals with a family history of scoliosis are more likely to develop the condition themselves, suggesting a genetic link.

Scientific studies have identified specific gene mutations associated with scoliosis, including those in the SLC39A8 and TBX6 genes. These mutations have been linked to both early-onset and adolescent-onset forms of the condition. While genetics may not be the only factor, these findings support the idea that some people may be genetically predisposed to scoliosis.

2. Scoliosis Is Not Always Hereditary

While genetics play a role in many cases, the condition can also develop in individuals with no family history. A significant number of cases are classified as idiopathic, meaning the exact cause is unknown. This highlights that heredity is not the only factor involved.

In idiopathic scoliosis, other contributors—such as environmental influences, spontaneous genetic mutations, or unknown elements—may be responsible for the spine’s abnormal curvature. These cases emphasize the complexity of scoliosis and the need for individualized assessment and care.

3. Genetics Plays a Role, but It’s Not the Only Factor

While genetics can increase the likelihood of developing it, it’s rarely the sole cause. In many cases, scoliosis results from a mix of genetic and environmental influences. Recognizing these contributing factors can help guide more accurate diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment.

• Neuromuscular conditions: Disorders that affect muscle control and coordination can lead to spinal curvature. 
• Congenital birth defects: Some babies are born with spinal abnormalities that result in scoliosis from an early age. 
• Injuries or trauma: Damage to the spine during development can contribute to the onset of scoliosis. 
• Lifestyle and environment: Factors like growth spurts, physical activity levels, or posture may influence the severity or progression of scoliosis, especially when combined with genetic predisposition.

4. Early-Onset Scoliosis Can Be Hereditary

Early-onset scoliosis (EOS), which develops before the age of 10, can sometimes be linked to inherited traits. While not all cases are genetic, certain patterns suggest that heredity may play a significant role in how and when the condition appears.

• Familial patterns: EOS may run in families, indicating a possible genetic predisposition. 
• Genetic syndromes: Some cases are associated with known genetic disorders, further supporting a hereditary link. 
• Congenital malformations: Structural abnormalities present at birth can cause EOS, unrelated to family history. 
• Neuromuscular conditions: EOS can also stem from non-genetic factors like muscle or nerve disorders, showing the condition’s multifactorial origins.

Other Factors Besides Genetics Can Cause Scoliosis

While genetics can increase the risk of developing this condition, it’s not the only contributing factor. Several non-hereditary conditions and events can also lead to spinal curvature, highlighting the complex nature of scoliosis development.

Main non-genetic causes of scoliosis:

• Neuromuscular conditions: Disorders like cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy can create muscle imbalances, resulting in spinal misalignment. 
• Congenital malformations: Structural abnormalities in spinal development during pregnancy can cause scoliosis from birth. 
• Injuries and infections: Trauma or infections that affect the spine may change its structure and lead to curvature. 
• Degenerative changes: In adults, age-related wear and tear on spinal discs and joints can result in degenerative scoliosis.

In summary, scoliosis is often the result of a combination of genetic and environmental influences. Recognizing the various possible causes is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment planning.

Sources. 

Grauers, A., Rahman, I., & Gerdhem, P. (2012). Heritability of scoliosis. European Spine Journal, 21, 1069-1074.

Garland, H. G. (1934). Hereditary scoliosis. British medical journal, 1(3823), 686.